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<title>Positioning system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Positioning system</span></span>

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<p>A <b>positioning system</b> is a system for determining the <a href="Position_(geometry)" title="Position (geometry)">position</a> of an object in <a href="Space" title="Space">space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positioning system technologies exist ranging from interplanetary coverage with meter accuracy to workspace and laboratory coverage with sub-millimeter accuracy. A major subclass is made of <i><a href="Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">geopositioning</a> systems</i>, used for determining an object's position with respect to Earth, i.e., its <a href="Geographical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical position">geographical position</a>; one of the most well-known and commonly used geopositioning systems is the <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) and similar <a href="Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">global navigation satellite systems</a> (GNSS).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage">Coverage</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interplanetary_systems">Interplanetary systems</h3></div>

<p>Interplanetary-radio communication systems not only communicate with spacecraft, but they are also used to determine their position. <a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> can track targets near the Earth, but spacecraft in deep space must have a working <a href="Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a> on board to echo a radio signal back. Orientation information can be obtained using <a href="Attitude_control_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude control (spacecraft)">star trackers</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_systems">Global systems</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">Global navigation satellite system</a></div>

<p><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global navigation satellite systems</a> (GNSS) allow specialized radio receivers to determine their 3-D space position, as well as time, with an accuracy of 2–20 metres or tens of nanoseconds. Currently deployed systems use microwave signals that can only be received reliably outdoors and that cover most of Earth's surface, as well as near-Earth space.

</p><p>The existing and planned systems are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> – US military system, fully operational since 1995</li>

<li><a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> – Russian military system, fully operational since October 2011</li>

<li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> – European Community, fully operational since December 2019</li>

<li><a href="Beidou_navigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidou navigation system">Beidou navigation system</a> – China, fully operational since June 2020</li>

<li><a href="Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</a> – a planned project in India</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_systems">Regional systems</h3></div>

<p>Networks of land-based positioning transmitters allow specialized <a href="Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a> to determine their 2-D position on the surface of the Earth. They are generally less accurate than GNSS because their signals are not entirely restricted to <a href="Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight propagation</a>, and they have only regional coverage. However, they remain useful for special purposes and as a backup where their signals are more reliably received, including underground and indoors, and receivers can be built that consume very low battery power. <a href="LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a> is an example of such a system.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_systems">Local systems</h3></div>

<p>A <b>local positioning system</b> (<b>LPS</b>) is a navigation system that provides location information in all weather, anywhere within the coverage of the network, where there is an unobstructed <a href="Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> to three or more signaling <a href="Electric_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">beacons</a> of which the exact position on Earth is known.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unlike <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> or other <a href="Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">global navigation satellite systems</a>, <i>local positioning systems</i> don't provide global coverage. Instead, they use beacons, which have a limited range, hence requiring the user to be near these. Beacons include <a href="Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellular</a> <a href="Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a>, <a href="Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="LiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="LiFi">LiFi</a> access points, and radio <a href="Broadcast_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast tower">broadcast towers</a>.

</p><p>In the past, long-range LPS's have been used for navigation of ships and aircraft. Examples are the <a href="Decca_Navigator_System" title="Decca Navigator System">Decca Navigator System</a> and <a href="LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a>.

Nowadays, local positioning systems are often used as complementary (and in some cases alternative) positioning technology to GPS, especially in areas where GPS does not reach or is weak, for example, <a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">inside buildings</a>, or <a href="Urban_canyon" title="Urban canyon">urban canyons</a>. Local positioning using cellular and <a href="Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">broadcast towers</a> can be used on cell phones that do not have a GPS receiver. Even if the phone has a GPS receiver, battery life will be extended if cell tower location accuracy is sufficient.

They are also used in trackless amusement rides like <a href="Pooh's_Hunny_Hunt" title="Pooh's Hunny Hunt">Pooh's Hunny Hunt</a> and <a href="Mystic_Manor" title="Mystic Manor">Mystic Manor</a>.

</p><p>Examples of existing systems include

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Locata_Corporation" title="Locata Corporation">Locata Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudolite" title="Pseudolite">Pseudolite</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indoor_systems">Indoor systems</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></div>

<p>Indoor positioning systems are optimized for use within individual rooms, buildings, or construction sites. They typically offer centimeter-accuracy. Some provide <a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">6-D</a> location and orientation information.

</p><p>Examples of existing systems include

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Active_Bat" title="Active Bat">Active Bat</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workspace_systems">Workspace systems</h4></div>

<p>These are designed to cover only a restricted workspace, typically a few cubic meters, but can offer accuracy in the millimeter-range or better. They typically provide 6-D position and orientation. Example applications include <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> environments, alignment tools for <a href="Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">computer-assisted surgery</a> or radiology, and cinematography (<a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a>, <a href="Match_moving" title="Match moving">match moving</a>).

</p><p>Examples: <a href="Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> with Sensor Bar, Polhemus Tracker, Precision Motion Tracking Solutions InterSense.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_performance">High performance</h4></div>

<p><a href="High_performance_positioning_system" title="High performance positioning system">High performance positioning system</a> is used in manufacturing processes to move an object (tool or part) smoothly and accurately in six degrees of freedom, along a desired path, at a desired orientation, with high <a href="Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>, high <a href="Deceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Deceleration">deceleration</a>, high <a href="Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> and low <a href="Settling_time" title="Settling time">settling time</a>. It is designed to quickly stop its motion and accurately place the moving object at its desired final position and orientation with minimal jittering.

</p><p>Examples: high velocity <a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, <a href="Laser_scanning" title="Laser scanning">laser scanning</a>, <a href="Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">wire bonding</a>, <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> inspection, <a href="Lab_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab automation">lab automation</a> assaying, <a href="Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulators</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2></div>

<p>Multiple technologies exist to determine the position and orientation of an object or person in a room, building or in the world.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_positioning">Acoustic positioning</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Acoustic_location" title="Acoustic location">Acoustic location</a> and <a href="3D_sound_localization" title="3D sound localization">3D sound localization</a></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_of_flight">Time of flight</h3></div>

<p><a href="Time_of_flight" title="Time of flight">Time of flight</a> systems determine the distance by measuring the time of propagation of pulsed signals between a transmitter and receiver. When distances of at least three locations are known, a fourth position can be determined using <a href="Trilateration" title="Trilateration">trilateration</a>. <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> is an example.

</p><p>Optical trackers, such as <a href="Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser ranging trackers</a> suffer from <a href="Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> problems and their performance is adversely affected by ambient light and infrared radiation. On the other hand, they do not suffer from distortion effects in the presence of metals and can have high update rates because of the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ultrasonic_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic sensor">Ultrasonic trackers</a> have a more limited range because of the loss of energy with the distance traveled. Also they are sensitive to ultrasonic ambient noise and have a low update rate. But the main advantage is that they do not need line of sight.

</p><p>Systems using <a href="Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> such as the <a href="Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">Global navigation satellite system</a> do not suffer ambient light, but still need line of sight.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_scan">Spatial scan</h3></div>

<p>A spatial scan system uses (optical) beacons and sensors. Two categories can be distinguished:

</p>

<ul><li>Inside out systems where the beacon is placed at a fixed position in the environment and the sensor is on the object<sup id="cite_ref-CREOL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREOL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Outside in systems where the beacons are on the target and the sensors are at a fixed position in the environment</li></ul>

<p>By aiming the sensor at the beacon the angle between them can be measured. With <a href="Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a> the position of the object can be determined.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inertial_sensing">Inertial sensing</h3></div>

<p>The main advantage of an <a href="Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial sensing</a> is that it does not require an external reference. Instead it measures rotation with a <a href="Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> or position with an <a href="Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> with respect to a known starting position and orientation. Because these systems measure relative positions instead of absolute positions they can suffer from accumulated errors and therefore are subject to drift. A periodic re-calibration of the system will provide more accuracy.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_linkage">Mechanical linkage</h3></div>

<p>This type of tracking system uses mechanical linkages between the reference and the target. Two types of linkages have been used. One is an assembly of mechanical parts that can each rotate, providing the user with multiple rotation capabilities. The orientation of the linkages is computed from the various linkage angles measured with incremental encoders or potentiometers. Other types of mechanical linkages are wires that are rolled in coils. A spring system ensures that the wires are tensed in order to measure the distance accurately. The degrees of freedom sensed by mechanical linkage trackers are dependent upon the constitution of the tracker's mechanical structure. While six degrees of freedom are most often provided, typically only a limited range of motions is possible because of the kinematics of the joints and the length of each link. Also, the weight and the deformation of the structure increase with the distance of the target from the reference and impose a limit on the working volume.<sup id="cite_ref-CREOL_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREOL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_difference">Phase difference</h3></div>

<p><a href="Phase_(waves)#Phase_difference" title="Phase (waves)">Phase difference</a> systems measure the shift in phase of an incoming signal from an emitter on a moving target compared to the phase of an incoming signal from a reference emitter. With this the relative motion of the emitter with respect to the receiver can be calculated.

</p><p>Like inertial sensing systems, phase-difference systems can suffer from accumulated errors and therefore are subject to drift, but because the phase can be measured continuously they are able to generate high data rates. <a href="Omega_(navigation_system)" title="Omega (navigation system)">Omega (navigation system)</a> is an example.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_field_sensing">Direct field sensing</h3></div>

<p>Direct field sensing systems use a known field to derive orientation or position: A simple <a href="Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> uses the <a href="Earth's_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to know its orientation in two directions.<sup id="cite_ref-CREOL_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREOL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">inclinometer</a> uses the <a href="Earth's_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">earth gravitational field</a> to know its orientation in the remaining third direction. The field used for positioning does not need to originate from nature, however. A system of three <a href="Electromagnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnets">electromagnets</a> placed perpendicular to each other can define a spatial reference. On the receiver, three sensors measure the components of the field's flux received as a consequence of <a href="Magnetic_coupling" title="Magnetic coupling">magnetic coupling</a>. Based on these measures, the system determines the position and orientation of the receiver with respect to the emitters' reference.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_systems">Optical systems</h3></div>

<p>Optical positioning systems are based on <a href="Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> components, such as in <a href="Total_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Total stations">total stations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_positioning">Magnetic positioning</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Magnetic_positioning" title="Magnetic positioning">Magnetic positioning</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_positioning&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Magnetic_positioning" title="Magnetic positioning">Magnetic positioning</a> is an IPS (<a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a>) solution that takes advantage of the magnetic field anomalies typical of indoor settings by using them as distinctive place recognition signatures. The first citation of positioning based on magnetic anomaly can be traced back to military applications in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of magnetic field anomalies for indoor positioning was first claimed in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with later publications related to robotics in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most recent applications can employ magnetic sensor data from a <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> used to wirelessly locate objects or people inside a building.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

According to Opus Research magnetic positioning will emerge as a “foundational” indoor location technology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_systems">Hybrid systems</h3></div>

<p>Because every technology has its pros and cons, most systems use more than one technology. A system based on relative position changes like the inertial system needs periodic calibration against a system with absolute position measurement. Systems combining two or more technologies are called hybrid positioning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hybrid positioning systems are systems for finding the location of a mobile device using several different positioning technologies. Usually GPS (<a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>) is one major component of such systems, combined with cell tower signals, wireless internet signals, <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> sensors, <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> and network environment data.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These systems are specifically designed to overcome the limitations of GPS, which is very exact in open areas, but works poorly indoors or between tall buildings (the <a href="Urban_canyon" title="Urban canyon">urban canyon</a> effect). By comparison, cell tower signals are not hindered by buildings or bad weather, but usually provide less precise positioning. <a href="Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning systems</a> may give very exact positioning, in urban areas with high Wi-Fi density - and depend on a comprehensive database of Wi-Fi access points.

</p><p>Hybrid positioning systems are increasingly being explored for certain civilian and commercial <a href="Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">location-based services</a> and <a href="Location-based_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Location-based media">location-based media</a>, which need to work well in urban areas in order to be commercially and practically viable.

</p><p>Early works in this area include the Place Lab project, which started in 2003 and went inactive in 2006. Later methods let smartphones combine the accuracy of GPS with the low power consumption of cell-ID transition point finding.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the satellite-free positioning system SuperGPS with higher-resolution than GPS using existing telecommunications networks was demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Assisted_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted GPS">Assisted GPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">Coordinate-measuring machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_positioning" title="Dynamic positioning">Dynamic positioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimensional_metrology" title="Dimensional metrology">Dimensional metrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">Geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld tracker">Handheld tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Mobile phone tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">Multilateration</a></li>

<li><a href="Position_sensor" title="Position sensor">Position sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Resection_(navigation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resection (navigation)">Resection (navigation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isotc211.geolexica.org/concepts/349/">"positioning system"</a>. <i>MLGT: The authoritative multi-lingual geographic information terminology database</i>. 2020-06-02.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHjelmKolodziej2006" class="citation book cs1">Hjelm, Johan; Kolodziej, Krzysztof W. (2006). <i>Local positioning systems LBS applications and services</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8493-3349-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKyker1995" class="citation conference cs1">Kyker, R (7–9 Nov 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626706/"><i>Local positioning system</i></a>. Proceedings of WESCON'95. p. 756. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWESCON.1995.485496">10.1109/WESCON.1995.485496</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7803-2636-1</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30451232">30451232</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US20040056798">US Patent 20040056798</a>, "Local positioning system", assigned to Gallitzin Allegheny</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=20040056798&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Local+positioning+system&rft.assignee=Gallitzin+Allegheny"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6748224">US Patent 6748224</a>, "Local positioning system", assigned to Lucent</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6748224&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Local+positioning+system&rft.assignee=Lucent"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intersense.com/">"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | Home"</a>. <i>www.intersense.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDevesh_Kumar_Bhatnagar1993" class="citation report cs1">Devesh Kumar Bhatnagar (29 March 1993). Position trackers for Head Mounted Display systems: A survey (Report). <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.104.3535">10.1.1.104.3535</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isotc211.geolexica.org/concepts/320/">"optical positioning system"</a>. <i>MLGT: The authoritative multi-lingual geographic information terminology database</i>. 2020-06-02.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFFeldmanSlone1974"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3789351">US 3789351</a>, Feldman, David W. & Slone, James C., "Guidance system", published 1974-01-29, assigned to <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3789351&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Guidance+system&rft.inventor=Feldman&rft.assignee=%5B%5BUnited+States+Secretary+of+the+Navy%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=1974-01-29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="TR99-32" class="citation web cs1">Golding, Andrew; Lesh, Neal (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merl.com/publications/docs/TR99-32.pdf">"Indoor navigation using a diverse set of cheap, wearable sensors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MERL Tech Reports</i>. Cambridge, MA 02139: MERL - Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSuksakulchaiThongchaiWilkesKawamura2000" class="citation book cs1">Suksakulchai, S.; Thongchai, S.; Wilkes, D. M.; Kawamura, K. (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/886523">"Mobile robot localization using an electronic compass for corridor environment"</a>. <i>SMC 2000 Conference Proceedings. 2000 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. 'Cybernetics Evolving to Systems, Humans, Organizations, and their Complex Interactions' (Cat. No.00CH37166)</i>. Vol. 5. pp. 3354–3359 vol.5. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSMC.2000.886523">10.1109/ICSMC.2000.886523</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7803-6583-6</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14204871">14204871</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAboshoshaZellTübingen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aboshosha, Ashraf; Zell, Andreas; Tübingen, Universität (2004). "Disambiguating Robot Positioning Using Laser and Geomagnetic Signatures". <i>In: Proceedings of IAS-8</i>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.6715">10.1.1.2.6715</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaverinenKemppainen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haverinen, Janne; Kemppainen, Anssi (31 October 2009). "Global indoor self-localization based on the ambient magnetic field". <i>Robotics and Autonomous Systems</i>. <b>57</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1028–</span>1035. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.robot.2009.07.018">10.1016/j.robot.2009.07.018</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opusresearch.net/wordpress/">"Analysis & Expertise in Conversational Commerce"</a>. Opus Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openhps.org">"OpenHPS: An Open Source Hybrid Positioning System"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://platform.altergeo.ru/index.php?mode=about">"AlterGeo: About us"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaekKimSinghGovindan2011" class="citation conference cs1">Paek, Jeongyeup; Kim, Kyu-Han; Singh, Jatinder P.; Govindan, Ramesh (2011-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124181533/http://enl.usc.edu/papers/cache/Paek11b.pdf">"Energy-efficient positioning for smartphones using Cell-ID sequence matching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services</i>. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">293–</span>306. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1999995.2000024">10.1145/1999995.2000024</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-0643-0</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enl.usc.edu/papers/cache/Paek11b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-24.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/telecommunications/supergps-radio-centimeter-location-tracking/">""SuperGPS" ditches satellites for radio towers for cm-scale tracking"</a>. <i>New Atlas</i>. 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKoelemeijDunDioufDierikx2022" class="citation journal cs1">Koelemeij, Jeroen C. J.; Dun, Han; Diouf, Cherif E. V.; Dierikx, Erik F.; Janssen, Gerard J. M.; Tiberius, Christian C. J. M. (November 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365444160">"A hybrid optical–wireless network for decimetre-level terrestrial positioning"</a></span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>611</b> (7936): <span class="nowrap">473–</span>478. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14796">2305.14796</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.611..473K">2022Natur.611..473K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05315-7">10.1038/s41586-022-05315-7</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2F83f83acb-b4fd-4c6f-ad01-84986e18f9bf">1871.1/83f83acb-b4fd-4c6f-ad01-84986e18f9bf</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36385540">36385540</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253555248">253555248</a>.</cite> University press release: <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2022-11-centimeter-accuracy.html">"A navigation system with 10 centimeter accuracy"</a>. <i>Delft University of Technology via techxplore.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2011" class="citation book cs1">Karimi, Hassan A. (2011-01-01). "Universal Navigation". <i>Universal Navigation on Smartphones</i>. Springer US. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>88. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7741-0_4">10.1007/978-1-4419-7741-0_4</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4419-7740-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Navigation_and_positioning_systems105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">Navigation</a> and </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Local positioning system">Local positioning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid positioning system">Hybrid positioning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">Positional tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">Navigation systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">Dead reckoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_navigation" title="Robot navigation">Robot navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Positioning_system&oldid=1296238098">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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